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Population Composition in Nepal by Caste and Ethnic Groups

The word ‘Demography’ is derived from the Greek language which means a scientific study of population. It is formed with two words ‘Demos’ and ‘Graphy’. Demos means people and Graphy means study. Thus, the subject that studies the human population is called demography. At first, this word was used by the Belgium citizen ‘Achille Guillerd’

The British intellectual John Grant is known as the father of demographic studies. He had done an important study on mortality rate. Demography focuses on the statistical aspect of the population. Various aspects of the population are studied in population education. Population education was developed during 1960-70 AD. Population education is an educational program. It makes individuals aware of the effects and consequences of population growth.

Birth, death, and migration are the most important demographic elements. These three elements determine the population change of any region or country. Thus birth, death, and migration are called the determinants of population change.

Fertility, mortality, and migration are called demographic processes. These factors determine the population change in any place or region. Birth, death, and migration are the demographic elements. There is a difference between the demographic process and the element. Fertility is a process whereas birth is an element. Likewise, mortality is a process whereas death is an element. The measurement of the population indicates the measurement of the birth rate, death rate, and migration rate. The act of measuring demographic rates is called demographic measurement.

There are many factors affecting the population. The population of a country or region is divided into various groups according to the factors affecting the population. This is called the composition of the population. The study of the population can be done based on sex, age, caste, occupation, mother tongue, literacy and educational status, area of settlement, etc. The composition of the population based on literacy and occupation has been presented in this lesson.

Nepal has been long known as a multi-ethnic, multilingual, and multicultural country. The size of various ethnic/caste groups in the total population was hardly known. Various native ethnic groups inhabit scattered in many places in Nepal. They do have their customs, traditions, and culture. There was no system of keeping records of these ethnic groups in the past. The censuses from 1911 to 1981 AD did not keep any records of the population and habitats of these ethnic groups. The tenth census of 2001 AD collected information on about 103 ethnic groups with over 65 different languages in Nepal. The largest ethnic groups are the Brahmans and Chhetris. Some of the ethnic groups are very small. Many languages spoken by these groups in Nepal are in danger of disappearing.

Two-thirds of the total population are smaller ethnic groups. They are blacksmiths, cobblers, tailors, sweepers, butchers, etc by caste traditional professionals, These groups are known as the ‘untouchables’ groups.

Table of population composition by caste/ethnic groups, 2001 AD

S.N.	Mother tongues	Population in Percentage
S.N.	Mother tongues	1971	1981	1991	2001
1	Nepali	52.45	58.36	50.31	48.61
2	Maithali	11.49	11.11	11.85	12.30
3	Bhojpuri	6.98	7.61	7.46	7.53
4	Tharu	4.29	3.63	5.37	5.86
5	Newari	3.94	2.99	3.73	3.63
6	Aawadhi	2.74	1.56	2.03	2.47
7	Hindi	–	–	0.92	0.47
8	Urdu	–	–	1.09	0.77
9	Tamang	4.80	3.48	4.89	5.19
10	Magar	2.50	1.42	2.33	3.39
11	Rani Kirat	2.01	1.47	2.38	–
12	Gurung	1.49	1.16	1.23	1.49
13	Limbu	1.48	0.86	1.37	1.47
14	Bhote/Sherpa	0.69	0.49	0.66	0.57
15	Satar	0.18	0.15	0.14	–
16	Santhal	0.03	.04	0.04	0.18
17	Sunuwar	0.18	0.07	–	0.12
18	Danuwar	0.09	0.09	0.13	0.14
19	Thakali	–	0.04	0.04	0.03
20	Others	4.21	5.09	3.51	11.34
21	unidentified	–	–	0.05	–

Source: CBS, 2001

The above-mentioned table clarifies that the majority of people i.e. 48.61% of the total population speak the language as a mother tongue. Maithali language comes in the second position because it is spoken by 12.30% people of the total Nepalese. The other language spoken by the Nepalese people is Bhojpuri (7.53%), Tharu (5.86%), Limbu (1.47%), Awadhi (2.47%), Tamang (5.19%), Gurung (1.49%), Newari (3.63%), Magar (3.39%), etc. according to the census of 2001 AD. The census in 2001 collected information on about 92 languages. However, people claim that there are still some more languages to be recorded and recognized by the government.

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Population Composition in Nepal by Caste 2011

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